Nigeria, as the most populous African country, faces significant challenges in the education system. The country has struggled to provide quality education due to various factors such as inadequate funding, poor infrastructure, and a lack of qualified teachers. However, amidst these challenges, Colleges of Education have emerged as crucial institutions in shaping the future of Nigeria’s education system.
Brief Overview of the Nigerian Education System
The Nigerian education system is divided into six levels: pre-primary school level (nursery school and kindergarten), primary school level (for ages 6-11), junior secondary school level (for ages 12-14), senior secondary school level (for ages 15-17), tertiary education institutions (polytechnics and universities) and technical colleges. Nigerians value education highly and place a significant emphasis on formal academic achievement.
Read also: Comprehensive List of Colleges of Education in Ghana
Colleges of Education In Nigeria: Federal, State, and Private Colleges of Education in Nigeria
Below is the list of Federal, State, and Private Colleges of Education in Nigeria with their locations.
S/N | College | Type |
1 | A.D. Rufai College for Islamic and Legal Studies | Other NCE-Awarding Institutions |
2 | Abdullahi Maikano College of Education, Wase | Private College of Education |
3 | Abubakar Garba Zagada- Zagada College of Education, Bajoga | Private College of Education |
4 | Abubakar Tatari Polytechnic | Polytechnics offering NCE Programmes |
5 | Adamu Augie College of Education, Argungu | State College of Education |
6 | Adamu Garkuwa COE, Toro | Private College of Education |
7 | Adeniran Ogunsanya College of Education, Otto/Ijanikin | State College of Education |
8 | Adesina College of Education, Share, Kwara State | Private College of Education |
9 | Adeyemi College of Education, Ondo | Federal College of Education |
10 | AFRICAN CHURCH COLLEGE OF EDUCATION | Private College of Education |
11 | African Thinkers Community of Inquiry COE, Enugu | Private College of Education |
12 | Akwa Ibom State College of Education, Afahansit | State College of Education |
13 | AL HIKMA COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, ANKPA | Private College of Education |
14 | Al-Ibadan COE | Private College of Education |
15 | Al-Iman College of Education | Private College of Education |
16 | Alvan Ikoku College of Education, Owerri | Federal College of Education |
17 | Ameer Shehu Idris College of Advanced Studies, Zaria | Other NCE-Awarding Institutions |
18 | Aminu Kano College of Education | Private College of Education |
19 | Aminu Kano College of Islamic and Legal Studies | Other NCE-Awarding Institutions |
20 | Aminu Sale College of Education, Azare | State College of Education |
21 | Angel Crown COE | Private College of Education |
22 | Annur College of Education Kano | Private College of Education |
23 | Ansar-Ud-Deen College of Education, Isolo | Private College of Education |
24 | Apa COE, Aido | Private College of Education |
25 | Assanusiya COE, Odeomu, Osun | Private College of Education |
26 | Awori District COE | Private College of Education |
27 | Bauchi Institute for Arabic and Islamic Studies | Other NCE-Awarding Institutions |
28 | Bayo Tijani COE, Lagos | Private College of Education |
29 | Best Legacy COE Ogbomoso | Private College of Education |
30 | BETHEL COE IJARE, ONDO | Private College of Education |
31 | Biga College of Education | Private College of Education |
32 | Bilyaminu Othman COE Dass | Private College of Education |
33 | Bogoro College of Education | Private College of Education |
34 | Calvin Foundation COE | Private College of Education |
35 | City College of Education, Mararaba | Private College of Education |
36 | Climax College of Education, Bauchi | Private College of Education |
37 | COE, Ero, Akure | Private College of Education |
38 | COE, Moro, Ife-North | Private College of Education |
39 | College of Education (Technical), Lafiagi | State College of Education |
40 | College of Education and Legal Studies | State College of Education |
41 | College of Education Ilemona | Private College of Education |
42 | College of Education Kura | Private College of Education |
43 | College of Education Oju | State College of Education |
44 | College of Education Oro | State College of Education |
45 | College of Education Oro | State College of Education |
46 | College of Education, Arochukwu, Abia | State College of Education |
47 | College of Education, Billiri | State College of Education |
48 | College of Education, Darazo | Private College of Education |
49 | College of Education, Ekiadolor-Benin | State College of Education |
50 | College of Education, Gashua, Damaturu | State College of Education |
51 | College of Education, Gindiri | State College of Education |
52 | College of Education, Hong | State College of Education |
53 | College of Education, Ikere-Ekiti | State College of Education |
54 | College of Education, Ila-Orangun, Osun State | State College of Education |
55 | College of Education, katsina-Ala | State College of Education |
56 | College of Education, Lanlate, Oyo State | State College of Education |
57 | College of Education, Waka BIU | State College of Education |
58 | College of Education, Warri | State College of Education |
59 | College of Education, Zing | State College of Education |
60 | College of Sharia and Arabic Studies | Private College of Education |
61 | Corner Stone College of Education, Ikeja | Private College of Education |
62 | Corona COE Lekki | Private College of Education |
63 | Covenant College of Education (CCOE) | Private College of Education |
64 | CRESTFIELD COLLEGE OF EDUCATION | Private College of Education |
65 | Cross River State Coll. of Education, Akampa | State College of Education |
66 | Dala College of Education, Kano | Private College of Education |
67 | Danyaya College of Education, Ningi | Private College of Education |
68 | Delar College of Education | Private College of Education |
69 | Delta State Coll. of Physical Education, Mosogar | State College of Education |
70 | Delta State College of Education, Agbor | State College of Education |
71 | DIAMOND COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, ABA | Private College of Education |
72 | Ebenezer College of Education Amangwu | Private College of Education |
73 | Ebonyi State College of Education, (T) Ikwo | State College of Education |
74 | ECWA COE Igbaja | Private College of Education |
75 | ECWA College of Education, Jos (ECOEJ) | Private College of Education |
76 | Edo State College of Education, Igueben | State College of Education |
77 | EEICOE Otukpo | Private College of Education |
78 | Elder Oyama Memorial COE, Ofat | Private College of Education |
79 | Elizabeth Memorial College of Education Nsukka | Private College of Education |
80 | Emamo College of Education | Private College of Education |
81 | Emmanuel Alayande College of Education (EACOED), Oyo | State College of Education |
82 | Enugu State Coll. of Education (T), Enugu | State College of Education |
83 | FCT College of Education, Zuba | State College of Education |
84 | Federal College of Education (Special), Oyo | Federal College of Education |
85 | Federal College of Education (T), ISU Ebonyi State | Federal College of Education |
86 | Federal College of Education (T), Umunze | Federal College of Education |
87 | Federal College of Education (Tech), Potiskum | Federal College of Education |
88 | Federal College of Education (Technical), Akoka | Federal College of Education |
89 | Federal College of Education (Technical), Asaba | Federal College of Education |
90 | Federal College of Education (Technical), Bichi | Federal College of Education |
91 | Federal College of Education (Technical), Gombe | Federal College of Education |
92 | Federal College of Education (Technical), Gusau | Federal College of Education |
93 | Federal College of Education (Technical), Omoku | Federal College of Education |
94 | Federal College of Education Bauchi | Federal College of Education |
95 | Federal College of Education Edo | Federal College of Education |
96 | Federal College of Education Osun | Federal College of Education |
97 | Federal College of Education Sokoto | Federal College of Education |
98 | Federal College of Education, Abeokuta | Federal College of Education |
99 | Federal College of Education, Eha-Amufu | Federal College of Education |
100 | Federal College of Education, Kano | Federal College of Education |
101 | Federal College of Education, Katsina | Federal College of Education |
102 | Federal College of Education, Kontagora | Federal College of Education |
103 | Federal College of Education, Obudu | Federal College of Education |
104 | Federal College of Education, Odugbo, Benue State | Federal College of Education |
105 | Federal College of Education, Okene | Federal College of Education |
106 | Federal College of Education, Pankshin | Federal College of Education |
107 | Federal College of Education, Yola | Federal College of Education |
108 | Federal College of Education, Zaria | Federal College of Education |
109 | FESTMED COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, ONDO STATE | Private College of Education |
110 | Folrac Fortified COE, Ondo | Private College of Education |
111 | Gand-Plus College of Education | Private College of Education |
112 | Gboko College of Education Benue State | Private College of Education |
113 | Global COE, Bukuru | Private College of Education |
114 | Gombe State COE, NAFADA | Private College of Education |
115 | Good Shepperd COE | Private College of Education |
116 | GRACE COLLEGE OF EDUCATION | Private College of Education |
117 | Hamzainab College of Education, Oshogbo | Private College of Education |
118 | Hassan Usman Katsina Polytechnic | Polytechnics offering NCE Programmes |
119 | Havard Wilson College of Education, Aba | Private College of Education |
120 | Hill COE, Gwanje, Akwanga | Private College of Education |
121 | Hope and Anchor College of Education | Private College of Education |
122 | Ilori College of Education, Ede | Private College of Education |
123 | Imam Hamzat COE, Ilorin | Private College of Education |
124 | Imam Saidu COE, Funtua | Private College of Education |
125 | Imo State College of Education, Ihitte/Uboma | State College of Education |
126 | Innovative College of Education, Karu | Private College of Education |
127 | Institute of Ecumenical Education (Thinkers Corner) | Other NCE-Awarding Institutions |
128 | Ipere COE, Agyaragu | Private College of Education |
129 | Isa Kaita College of Education, Dutsin-Ma | State College of Education |
130 | Isaac Jasper Boro COE, Sagbama | State College of Education |
131 | Islamic COE, Potiskum | Private College of Education |
132 | JIBWIS COE, Jamais | Private College of Education |
133 | JIBWIS College of Education | Private College of Education |
134 | JIBWIS College of Education Gombe | Private College of Education |
135 | JIGAWA STATE COLLEGE OF EDUCATION AND LEGAL STUDIES, RINGIM | State College of Education |
136 | Jigawa State College of Education, Gumel | State College of Education |
137 | Kaduna Polytechnics | Polytechnics offering NCE Programmes |
138 | Kaduna State College of Education, Gidan-Waya, Kafanchan | State College of Education |
139 | Kano State College of Education and Remedial Studies, Kano | State College of Education |
140 | Kano State Polytechnic | Polytechnics offering NCE Programmes |
141 | Kashim Ibrahim College of Education | State College of Education |
142 | Kashim Ibrahim College of Education | State College of Education |
143 | Kazaure College of Education | Private College of Education |
144 | Kingsey College of Education, Ilorin, Kwara State | Private College of Education |
145 | Kogi East College of Education | Private College of Education |
146 | Kogi State College of Education, Ankpa | State College of Education |
147 | Kogi State College of Education, Kabba | State College of Education |
148 | Kwararafa COE, Otukpo | Private College of Education |
149 | Lessel COE Gboko | Private College of Education |
150 | Lifegate College of Education, Asa | Private College of Education |
151 | MCF COE Agbarha-Otor, Delta | Private College of Education |
152 | Meadow Hall COE | Private College of Education |
153 | Metro COE, Adogi-Lafia | Private College of Education |
154 | Michael Otedola Coll. of Prim. Education, Lagos | State College of Education |
155 | Moje College of Education, Erin-Ile | Private College of Education |
156 | Muftau Olanihun College of Education, Ibadan | Private College of Education |
157 | Muhammad Goni College of Legal and Islamic Studies (MOGOLIS) | Other NCE-Awarding Institutions |
158 | Muhyideen College of Education, Ilorin | Private College of Education |
159 | Murtadha COE, Olodo | Private College of Education |
160 | Nana Aishat Memorial COE | Private College of Education |
161 | Nasarrawa State College of Education, Akwanga | State College of Education |
162 | National Institute for Nigerian Languages (NINLAN) | Other NCE-Awarding Institutions |
163 | National Teachers Institute(NTI) | Other NCE-Awarding Institutions |
164 | Niger State College of Education, Minna | State College of Education |
165 | Nigerian Army School of Education (NASE), Ilorin | Other NCE-Awarding Institutions |
166 | Nosakhare COE, Benin City | Private College of Education |
167 | Nuhu Bamalli Polytechnic | Polytechnics offering NCE Programmes |
168 | Nwafor Orizu College of Education, Nsugbe | State College of Education |
169 | Olekamba College of Education | Private College of Education |
170 | ONIT COE, Abagana | Private College of Education |
171 | Osisa Tech. College of Education, Enugu | Private College of Education |
172 | Osun State College of Education, Ilesa | State College of Education |
173 | Oswald Waller COE Shendam | Private College of Education |
174 | PAN African COE Offa | Private College of Education |
175 | Peace College Of Education Ankpa | Private College of Education |
176 | Peaceland College of Education, Enugu | Private College of Education |
177 | Peacock College of Education Jalingo | Private College of Education |
178 | Piaget College of Education | Private College of Education |
179 | Plateau State Polytechnic | Polytechnics offering NCE Programmes |
180 | Ramat Polytechnic | Polytechnics offering NCE Programmes |
181 | Raphat COE | Private College of Education |
182 | Royal City COE, Iyesi-Ota | Private College of Education |
183 | Royal COE, Ikeja, Lagos State | Private College of Education |
184 | Sa’adatu Rimi College of Education, Kumbotso, Kano | State College of Education |
185 | Sam Ale College of Education | Private College of Education |
186 | Sarkin Yama Community College of Education | Private College of Education |
187 | Shehu Shagari College of Education, Sokoto | State College of Education |
188 | Sinai COE & Ent. Studies Gboko, Benue | Private College of Education |
189 | St. Augustine College of Education Akoka, Lagos | Private College of Education |
190 | STEADY FLOW COE, IKOM | Private College of Education |
191 | Sunnah College of Education | Private College of Education |
192 | Tai Solarin College of Education, Ijebu-Ode | State College of Education |
193 | The College of Education, Nsukka | Private College of Education |
194 | The Polytechnic Iree, Osun State | Polytechnics offering NCE Programmes |
195 | Top-Most COE, Ipaja-Agbado | Private College of Education |
196 | Turath COE, Kano | Private College of Education |
197 | Uli College of Education, Uli | Private College of Education |
198 | Umar Bun Khatab College of Education, Tudun Nupawa, Kaduna | Private College of Education |
199 | Umar Ibn Ibrahim El-Kanemi College of Education, Science and Technology, Bama | State College of Education |
200 | Unity College of Education, Aukpa Adoka, Benue | Private College of Education |
201 | Upland COE Badagry | Private College of Education |
202 | Waziri Umaru Federal Polytechnic | Polytechnics offering NCE Programmes |
203 | Yewa Central College of Education, Ayetoro, Abeokuta | Private College of Education |
204 | Yusuf Bala Usman College of Legal and General Studies, Daura | Other NCE-Awarding Institutions |
205 | Zamfara State College of Education, Maru | State College of Education |
Courses Offered by Colleges of Education in Nigeria
Colleges of Education in Nigeria offer various courses related to education and teacher training. Here are some common courses that you can find in Colleges of Education:
- Early Childhood Education
- Primary Education Studies
- English Language Education
- Mathematics Education
- Integrated Science Education
- Social Studies Education
- Agricultural Science Education
- Physical and Health Education
- Fine and Applied Arts Education
- Computer Science Education
- Business Education
- Home Economics Education
- Guidance and Counseling
- Special Education
- Music Education
- Christian Religious Studies Education
- Islamic Studies Education
- French Education
- Yoruba Education
- Hausa Education
- Igbo Education
These courses are designed to equip prospective teachers with the necessary knowledge and skills to teach various subjects at the primary and secondary school levels. Additionally, some Colleges of Education also offer diploma and certificate programs in education-related fields.
Note;
Please note that the availability of specific courses may vary between different Colleges of Education in Nigeria. It’s advisable to visit the official websites or contact the respective institutions for detailed information about their course offerings.
Importance of Colleges of Education in Nigeria
Colleges of Education play a critical role in training teachers for primary and junior secondary schools across Nigeria. These colleges focus on teacher training programs that equip students with relevant skills to teach effectively while also promoting values such as diligence, honesty, and excellence which are essential qualities for good teaching.
Graduates from these colleges make up a large portion of educators in the country’s public school system. Additionally, Colleges of Education help improve the quality of education imparted by increasing the number of qualified teachers who can offer innovative teaching methods to students.
The overall effect is an increase in student motivation which leads to better learning outcomes. Therefore, it is clear that Colleges of Education are essential components within Nigeria’s educational ecosystem.
Purpose Of The Article
This article aims to provide readers with a comprehensive overview of Colleges Of Education In Nigeria by exploring their history & evolution, types, curriculum, teaching methodologies, as well as the challenges faced by these institutions. By delving deeper into these topics, readers can develop an in-depth understanding of the role that Colleges of Education play within Nigeria’s education system. This article will be especially useful for anyone interested in pursuing a career in teaching or those seeking to gain insight into the Nigerian education system.
History and Evolution of Colleges of Education in Nigeria
Colleges of Education in Nigeria have a rich history that dates back to the pre-independence era. During this period, education was seen as an important tool for social and economic development. The colonial government established various teacher training colleges across the country to train indigenous teachers who would serve as agents of socialization and transmission of Western knowledge to the masses.
Pre-Independence Era
The first set of teacher training institutions in Nigeria was established by the colonial government in 1891 with the establishment of St. Andrew’s College, Oyo for the training of teachers for mission schools in Lagos and Calabar. Other teacher training institutions that subsequently emerged during this period include Government Teachers Training College, Abeokuta (1913), Wesley College, Ibadan (1928), and Alvan Ikoku College of Education, Owerri (1931). The main objective of these institutions was to provide basic education for Nigerians since most schools at that time were run by Christian missionaries who limited their services to only those who professed Christianity.
Post-Independence Era
Following Nigeria’s independence from Britain in 1960, there was a surge in demand for education due to an increase in population growth rate and growing awareness about its importance. To address these challenges, the Nigerian government developed a new policy on education that aimed at improving access to education at all levels and phasing out illiteracy.
This led to the establishment of more Colleges of Education across Nigeria with varying courses offered depending on the needs and resources available. By 1984 there were over 50 Colleges with several specialized training centers under their jurisdiction.
Current State and Future Prospects
The current state of Colleges of Education in Nigeria is faced with several challenges including inadequate funding, poor infrastructure, and low quality of education. Despite these challenges, Colleges of Education still play a significant role in the Nigerian education system and produce a large number of qualified teachers annually. Looking to the future, there is a need for more investment in colleges of education to improve their facilities and curriculum.
This would make them more attractive to students and ultimately help improve the quality of education provided in Nigeria. In addition, there needs to be greater collaboration between the government and other stakeholders toward improving teacher training programs to meet the demands of the 21st-century classroom.
Types of Colleges of Education in Nigeria
Colleges of Education in Nigeria can be classified into two major types:
- Federal Colleges of Education (FCE) and
- State Colleges of Education (SCE).
The major difference between the two is that FCEs are established and controlled by the federal government, while SCEs are established and controlled by state governments. Both types offer similar courses and programs aimed at producing qualified teachers for various levels of the educational system in Nigeria.
Federal Colleges of Education
Federal Colleges of Education were established by the Nigerian government to provide advanced teacher training to students who have completed secondary school education. There are currently 21 FCEs across Nigeria, with each offering various courses tailored towards different aspects of teaching.
The Federal College of Education in Katsina was the first FCE to be established in Nigeria, back in 1961. Since then, other colleges have been established across all six geopolitical zones of the country.
Admission into FCEs is usually done through an entrance examination conducted by the Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board (JAMB), with candidates required to score a certain minimum grade before they can be considered for admission. The courses offered at FCEs include both general studies and professional courses, which provide students with a broad knowledge base about various topics ranging from education to social sciences.
There are also specialized courses designed specifically for students who wish to pursue careers in fields like early childhood education or special needs education. Notable alumni from these colleges include prominent Nigerian educators such as Professor Wole Soyinka, Dr Tai Solarin, and Professor Chike Obi among others.
State Colleges Of Education
In addition to Federal Colleges of Education, there are also several State Colleges Of Education spread across Nigeria’s thirty-six states. These colleges are established and managed by the respective state governments and offer similar courses as their federal counterparts. Admission into state colleges is usually based on merit, with candidates required to have a certain minimum grade point average (GPA) before they can be considered for admission.
The courses offered at State Colleges of Education are also similar to those offered at FCEs with both general studies and professional courses aimed at producing qualified teachers for various levels of the educational system in Nigeria. Some notable alumni from these colleges include former governors, ministers, professors in various fields, and prominent educators who have contributed significantly to the development of education in Nigeria.
Despite some challenges facing these institutions such as inadequate funding and poor infrastructure, Federal Colleges of Education and State Colleges of Education remain an essential part of the Nigerian education system. Their contributions towards producing well-trained teachers over the years cannot be overstated.
Curriculum and Teaching Methodologies in Colleges of Education in Nigeria
The curriculum of colleges of education in Nigeria is designed to prepare students for the teaching profession. It covers a wide range of subjects, including general studies courses, professional courses, teaching practice, and research projects. The curriculum aims to provide students with the knowledge and skills necessary to become effective teachers who can guide their students toward success.
Curriculum Structure
The curriculum of colleges of education in Nigeria is structured into four main parts: General Studies courses, Professional courses, Teaching Practice, and Research Project. 1) General Studies courses: These courses are aimed at providing students with a broad-based education that will enable them to understand various aspects of life beyond their area of specialization. This includes subjects such as English Language, Mathematics, History, and International Studies, etc.
2) Professional courses: These courses are designed to equip students with the necessary knowledge and skills they need to become effective teachers. They include subjects such as Educational Psychology, Curriculum Development & Planning methods, etc
3) Teaching Practice: This is a mandatory component for all teacher trainees. It enables them to apply the theoretical concepts learned in class by working with experienced teachers in real classrooms.
4) Research Project: This is a capstone project that allows students to conduct research on a topic related to their area of specialization. The aim is for students to develop critical thinking skills while contributing new knowledge or ideas that could improve learning outcomes for their future pupils.
Achieving Effective Teaching Methodologies
Achieving effective teaching methodologies involves the use of appropriate instructional strategies that encourage active participation from learners. Several methodologies are employed which include:
1) Lecture method: This is the traditional method of teaching that involves the teacher mainly speaking and the students listening.
Although this method has its advantages, it does not always provide students with an opportunity to participate actively in the learning process. 2) Discussion method:
This approach encourages active participation from students. It involves students expressing their opinions, sharing their thoughts, and learning from each other’s perspectives.
3) Group work: Group work encourages teamwork among students, and enables them to share ideas and learn from one another.
It also provides opportunities for individualized learning while fostering a sense of community within the classroom. Colleges of Education in Nigeria have robust curriculums which aim to provide trainee teachers with all they need to succeed as teachers.
Effective teaching methodologies such as lecture methods, discussion methods, and group work are used to enhance student engagement and promote active participation in the teaching-learning process. By following this curriculum structure with effective methodologies, graduates can become highly effective educators who inspire their pupils toward academic excellence.
Challenges Facing Colleges of Education in Nigeria
Inadequate Funding:
One of the major challenges facing colleges of education in Nigeria is inadequate funding. The Nigerian government has been criticized for not adequately funding the educational sector, and this has affected the quality of education provided by colleges of education. This has resulted in a lack of infrastructure, limited resources, and equipment, insufficient teaching staff as well as poor remuneration for lecturers.
Furthermore, the lack of funding from the government has led to an increase in fees charged by colleges, making it difficult for students from low-income families to afford tertiary education. In addition to this, most colleges have had to resort to soliciting funds from private organizations and individuals, leading to compromises on standards and quality.
Poor Infrastructure:
Another challenge facing colleges of education in Nigeria is poor infrastructure. Most colleges lack basic facilities such as laboratories, libraries, and classrooms.
The few available are often dilapidated and ill-equipped. This limits the quality of practical training that students receive and hinders their ability to compete on a global scale.
In addition to limited infrastructure, most campuses are located in remote areas far from urban centers with limited access roads leading up to them. This makes it difficult for both students and lecturers who often have difficulties commuting from their homes or accessing basic amenities needed while at school.
The mismatch between Curricula and Industry Needs:
The Nigerian educational system emphasizes curriculum content instead of skills acquisition needed by industries today. As a result, many graduates find themselves unemployable due to inappropriate training provided by tertiary institutions. This mismatch is responsible for high youth unemployment rates in Nigeria as employers continue searching for candidates with the proper skill sets needed for today’s job market.
Conclusion
Despite these challenges faced by Colleges of Education in Nigeria today; hope still exists that through proper funding, government intervention, and collaboration with industries, this can be solved. It is essential that there are efforts to bridge the gap between industry needs and the curriculum content taught in tertiary institutions to ensure the education provided is relevant to contemporary society.
It is important that more attention is given to educational policy implementation at every level of government. With a concerted effort of all stakeholders involved such as the government, private organizations, and non-profit groups, Colleges of Education in Nigeria can be transformed into world-class institutions that produce graduates who are capable of competing globally.